利用分子标记辅助选择聚合Pi-1和Pi-2基因改良两系不育系稻瘟病抗性

以含广谱稻瘟病抗性基因Pi-1和Pi-2的BL122为供体, 温敏核不育系GD-7S为受体, 通过杂交、回交和自交并结合分子标记辅助选择, 将Pi-1、Pi-2基因导入温敏核不育系GD-7S中, 获得5个携带两个抗性基因的纯合改良不育株系。利用34个广东代表性稻瘟病菌株接种鉴定, 5个改良株系的抗性频率为94.12%~97.06%, 而对照GD-7S抗性频率仅为17.65%; 自然病圃诱发鉴定5个改良株系的叶瘟和穗颈瘟均为0级, 表现高抗。经自然条件和人工气候箱育性鉴定, 改良株系与对照均为无或少花粉败育类型, 自交结实率为0, 说明不育起点温度与对照基本一致。统计分析表明, 除剑叶长和每株穗数外, 改良株系与对照在其他农艺性状方面均无显著差异。与恢复系L38杂交, 改良株系的杂种F1与对照的F1大多农艺性状无显著差异, 说明改良株系基本保持了GD-7S的农艺性状和配合力。     

新模式植物短柄草模式特性研究进展

短柄草(Brachypodium distachyon)是一种广泛分布于温带地区的禾本科植物, 基因组小、染色体少、DNA重复序列少、植株较矮、生育期短、种子数量多, 与小麦族植物一样具有二倍体、四倍体和六倍体, 且不需要严格的生长条件和栽培措施, 是小麦等早熟禾谷类理想的模式植物。近几年来, 国际上对短柄草开展了较多研究, 而国内对短柄草的研究尚属空白。本文综述了短柄草细胞遗传学、分子生物学、基因组学、组织培养和遗传转化等方面的研究进展, 对今后的研究和应用趋势进行了简要展望, 以促进国内对短柄草模式特性, 以及小麦等植物结构基因组学和功能基因组学的研究。     

油菜野芥NSa细胞质雄性不育系的特异性分子鉴定

常规细胞质类型鉴定方法花费时间长、工作量大、鉴定效率低、应用性较差。基于基因组重复序列的PCR技术(rep-PCR)在重复序列丰富的线粒体和原核生物的基因组鉴定中效果较好, 本研究对8份油菜资源的细胞质进行分子鉴定,结果表明rep-PCR可以明确区分甘蓝型油菜中常见的6种雄性不育细胞质。同时对甘蓝型油菜和野芥(Sinapis arvensis)体细胞杂交创建的、育性较为稳定的NSa野芥雄性不育胞质进行了分子特异性鉴定,获得了两条NSa不育胞质的特征DNA条带。但波里马和萝卜质不育细胞质的特异性引物在NSa中不能扩增出特异性片段,说明NSa不属于这两种细胞质类型。本研究结果为该不育胞质系统的利用和知识产权保护提供了理论依据和技术支撑。     

小麦品种中梁22抗条锈病基因的遗传分析和分子作图

对中梁22/铭贤169杂交F₂群体苗期抗条锈病鉴定及中国春单体系抗病基因的染色体定位发现, 中梁22携带1个显性(暂命名YrZhong22)和1个隐性抗病基因, 前者位于5B染色体。由中梁22´铭贤169的F₂群体构建抗病、感病池, 用SSR标记结合集群分离分析法(BSA), 建立了与YrZhong22连锁的4个微卫星标记Xwmc289、Xwmc810、Xgdm116和Xbarc232, 并将YrZhong22定位于小麦5BL染色体。YrZhong22与相邻微卫星位点Xwmc810和Xgdm116的遗传距离分别是2.7 cM和4.4 cM。系谱分析及分子标记分析表明, YrZhong22可能是一个来自中间偃麦草的新抗条锈病基因。     

广西巨尾桉人工林缺素病症发生原因和防治措施的探讨

通过对广西巨尾桉人工林缺素病症的综合调查与分析表明：广西桉树人工林土壤普遍呈酸性,土壤氮、有机质含量属中等水平,速效钾和有效铜、有效锌含量属于低水平,速效磷和有效硼含量属于极贫水平,在这样的土壤种植桉树人工林易出现缺素病症,特别易表现出缺硼、缺锌、缺钙和缺镁等的综合缺素病症。造成桉树缺素病症发生普遍主要是由于不合理施肥造成的。开展桉树测土配方施肥和营养诊断平衡施肥是有效防治和缓解桉树缺素病症的重要措施之一。     

Marker-based screening of maize inbred lines using support vector machine regression

The phenomenon of heterosis is widely used in hybrid breeding programmes, despite the fact that no satisfactory molecular explanation is available. Estimators of quantitative genetic components like GCA and SCA values are tools used by the plant breeder to identify superior parental individuals and to search for high heterosis combinations. Obtaining these estimators usually requires the creation of new parental combinations and testing their offspring in multi-environment field trials. In this study we explore the use of ɛ-insensitive Support Vector Machine Regression (ɛ-SVR) for the prediction of GCA and SCA values from the molecular marker scores of parental inbred lines as an alternative to these field trials. Prediction accuracies are obtained by means of cross-validation on a grain maize data set from the private breeding company RAGT R2n. Results indicate that the proposed method allows the routine screening of new inbred lines despite the fact that predicting the SCA value of an untested hybrid remains problematic with the available molecular marker information and standard kernel functions. The genotypical performance of a testcross hybrid, originating from a cross between an untested inbred line and a well-known complementary tester, can be predicted with moderate to high accuracy while this cannot be said for a cross between two untested inbred lines.     

Isolation of a new repetitive DNA sequence from Secale africanum enables targeting of Secale chromatin in wheat background

A genome specific DNA sequence that detects Secale africanum chromatin incorporated into wheat was developed in this study. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to search for genome specific DNA sequences of S. africanum in lines, R111, “mianyang11” (MY11) and wheat-rye 1RS/1BL translocations R25 and R57. A high copy rye-specific DNA segment pSaD15₉₄₀ of the S. africanum genome was obtained. The sequence of pSaD15 did not show any significant homology to other reported sequences in databases and it is therefore a new repetitive sequence of Secale. PCR primers were designed for pSaD15₉₄₀, which amplify a clear 887 bp fragment in S. africanum but not in any wheat. The primers also amplified an 887 bp fragment in other accessions of rye, Chinese Spring-Imperial rye chromosome additions and a diverse range of material carrying different rye chromosomes or chromosomal segments. In situ hybridization showed that probe pSaD15₉₄₀ was specifically hybridized throughout all rye chromosomes arms except for the terminal regions. The advantage of the rye-specific probe developed herein compared to those of previous reports is that it has been shown to be widely applicable to other Secale species. The probe will be useful as a molecular marker for the introgression of S. africanum and other rye chromosome segments into the wheat genome.     

β-琼脂糖酶ⅠDagA大肠杆菌表达系统的筛选

通过PCR技术扩增出了873 bp的dagA及813bp的去除信号肽的dagA(▽)编码序列,dagA与NCBI公布的Pseudoalteromonas atlanticaβ-琼脂糖酶ⅠdagA序列一致性达到99.8%,dagA(▽)一致性达到100%。构建pET21a-dagA和pET21a-dagA(▽)表达载体,分别转化BL21(DE3)、Origami B(DE3)、ER2566宿主菌,共表达分子伴侣DsbC和FkpA。采用SDS-PAGE分析了构建的多个大肠杆菌表达系统中β-琼脂糖酶ⅠDagA的表达量及表达方式,获得了重组DagA高分泌性表达菌株ER2566-pET21a-dagA(▽)-FkpA。     

变速箱故障模糊诊断的研究

变速箱是机械设备的重要组成部分.由于机械设备的特殊运行条件和运行环境使得变速箱中齿轮副、轴、轴承等常发生故障.因而随着科学技术的发展,对变速箱实施故障诊断,显得尤为重要.而故障诊断的前提是对于故障特征信号的提取.近年来,模糊故障诊断技术在故障诊断和特征提取方面的应用也越来越多.为此,利用故障模糊诊断技术,通过对齿轮在运转时产生的振动信号进行特性分析,诊断齿轮系统的故障.     

计算机视觉技术在苹果叶片营养诊断上的应用

植物营养诊断方法很多,但是无论何种方法,由于复杂的检测技术条件,在实际应用中均存在着一定困难,人们希望获得更快更简捷的检测方法和工具.随着计算机视觉技术的专业化与计算机硬件成本的降低和速度的提高,其在农产品诊断领域应用计算机视觉已变得越来越具有吸引力.苹果叶片营养状态诊断是进行合理施肥的前提,因此具有非常重要的意义.